Clean way to write complex multi-line string to a variable

Question

I need to write some complex xml to a variable inside a bash script. The xml needs to be readable inside the bash script as this is where the xml fragment will live, it's not being read from another file or source.

So my question is this if I have a long string which I want to be human readable inside my bash script what is the best way to go about it?

Ideally I want:

• to not have to escape any of the characters
• have it break across multiple lines making it human readable
• keep it's indentation

Can this be done with EOF or something, could anyone give me an example?

e.g.

String = <<EOF
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
 <painting>
   <img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael'/>
   <caption>This is Raphael's "Foligno" Madonna, painted in
   <date>1511</date>-<date>1512</date>.</caption>
 </painting>
EOF

Answer 1

This will put your text into your variable without needing to escape the quotes. It will also handle unbalanced quotes (apostrophes). Putting quotes around the sentinal (EOF) prevents the text from undergoing parameter expansion. The -d'' causes it to read multiple lines (ignore newlines). read is a Bash built-in so it doesn't require calling an external command such as cat.

read -d '' String <<"EOF"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
 <painting>
   <img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael'/>
   <caption>This is Raphael's "Foligno" Madonna, painted in
   <date>1511</date>-<date>1512</date>.</caption>
 </painting>
EOF

Answer 2

You've been almost there. Either you use cat for the assembly of your string or you quote the whole string (in which case you'd have to escape the quotes inside your string):

#!/bin/sh
VAR1=$(cat <<EOF
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<painting>
  <img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael'/>
  <caption>This is Raphael's "Foligno" Madonna, painted in
  <date>1511</date>-<date>1512</date>.</caption>
</painting>
EOF
)

VAR2="<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<painting>
  <img src=\"madonna.jpg\" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael'/>
  <caption>This is Raphael's \"Foligno\" Madonna, painted in
  <date>1511</date>-<date>1512</date>.</caption>
</painting>"

echo "${VAR1}"
echo "${VAR2}"