How do I enable non-free packages on Debian?

Question

How can I enable non-free packages on Debian? I want to install Sun's Java JDK but it's not available to me.

Answer 1

Open up /etc/apt/sources.list, and you should see lines like the following (URLs will likely vary):

deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib

Simply add non-free to the respective URLs you wish to use, i.e.:

 deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

Running apt-get update will update your local repo with the package listing.

Answer 2

You can also restrict this a little bit if you only want some very specific packages from non-free (firmwares for your hardware for example).

To do so, keep your /etc/apt/sources.list as described by @Andrew M. Then, use Apt Pinning to disable by default all non-free packages for your current release:

Create a file named /etc/apt/preferences.d/non-free_policy containing the following directives:

Explanation: Disable packages from non-free tree by default
Package: *
Pin: release o=Debian,a=stable,l=Debian,c=non-free
Pin-Priority: -1

Now, create another file for the specific package you want to get from non-free.
Let's assume you want to add the Intel drivers for wireless cards for instance (package firmware-iwlwifi).
Create a file name /etc/apt/preferences.d/firmware-iwlwifi_nonfree with these lines:

Explanation: Enable package firmware-iwlwifi from non-free tree
Package: firmware-iwlwifi
Pin: release o=Debian,a=stable,l=Debian,c=non-free
Pin-Priority: 600

This configuration avoids bloating your package with these annoying non-free packages ;)

Answer 3

An alternative way to update the package sources configuration file is to use the apt-add-repository command (from the software-properties-common package). If you want non-free package for all sources, run:

sudo apt-add-repository --component non-free
sudo apt-get update

Answer inspired by: https://askubuntu.com/a/553847/67211