From TechNet's Choose the Database Used for WSUS
The WSUS database stores the following types of information:
WSUS server configuration information
Metadata that describes each update
Information about client computers, updates, and client interaction with updates
Selecting a database
Windows Internal Database ships with WSUS. This version of SQL Server does not have a user interface or tools. Administrators are meant to interact with these products through WSUS.
Microsoft SQL Server is the full-featured database software from Microsoft. WSUS requires SQL Server. If you use the full version of SQL Server, the SQL Server administrator should enable the nested triggers option in SQL Server.
Do this before the WSUS administrator installs WSUS and specifies the database during the setup process. WSUS Setup enables the recursive triggers option, which is a database-specific option; however, it does not enable the nested triggers option, which is a server global option.
SUGGESTED SOLUTION (if you opt SQL Server as Database):
Once you've moved to SQL Server database for installing WSUS data, you can fire your own SQL queries on the SUSDB
database which is created by WSUS.
There are several tables and views in WSUS which you can query to get the relevant details.

Sample query for getting the list of all Windows Updates installed in a particular system:
select tbct1.IPAddress, tbct1.FullDomainName, tbct1.LastReportedRebootTime,vu.DefaultTitle
from SUSDB.dbo.tbUpdateStatusPerComputer AS tbuspc,
SUSDB.dbo.tbUpdate AS tbu ,
SUSDB.dbo.tbComputerTarget AS tbct1 ,
SUSDB.PUBLIC_VIEWS.vUpdate AS vu ,
SUSDB.PUBLIC_VIEWS.vUpdateAdditionalInfoUrl AS vuaiu
where tbuspc.SummarizationState in (4) and ipAddress like '<system-ip>'
and tbuspc.LocalUpdateID = tbu.LocalUpdateID
and tbuspc.TargetID = tbct1.TargetID
and tbu.UpdateID = vu.UpdateId
and vu.UpdateId = vuaiu.UpdateId
and vuaiu.LocaleId='1033';
-- here SummarizationState 4 means installed.
-- you can search on the web for different possible SummarizationStates in WSUS.